The diagnosis of pregnancy in ruminants
1 Introduction
Palptation rectum in small ruminants is of little value because of the size of the pelvis. (Wani, 1981). The flow bloatment A. Supervision, not to return to estrus, the development of the udder and other evidence had tried with little success (Wani and Sahni, 1980). The recent interest in early pregnancy, 3rd The diagnosis of small ruminants is the academic and economic importance (Mellado, 2003). A zygote or embryo is very much appreciated if you value unless the surrogate mother (recipient of transmission) should be monitored for early detection and aid in the design of repeated use of women in cash. Proper management of pregnant animals also prevents miscarriages. This method is applicable, ensure that both children and mothers and must be implemented cheaply and easily. A review of methods and techniques used for early pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants. (Sheep and goats are present.)
. 2 first symptoms of pregnancy
2. 1. The maintenance of a functional corpus luteum
Clearly, the approach extends the life of the CL and the renewal and maintenance of a functional CL, caused by the developing embryo. These signals ensure the maintenance of structural integrity of the CL. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which allows the endometrium in a state of embryo development, implantation, fetal development and maintains the placenta (Wani, 1984b). The formation and regression of the corpus luteum (CL) Muzzaffarinagri in sheep and goats Jamunapari was monitored at intervals of 3 days for a whole oestruous cycle. Laparotomy and laparoscopy methods were used in these experiments.
The endometrium is subject to tissue reconstruction. This change in the extracellular matrix (ECM) components is essential for successful implantation. Cytokines 8.18 and 19 goats were observed in the endometrium during early pregnancy detected by immunofluorescence. Thus, the presence of these cytokines is approximately 15 days after the presenting feature of pregnancy in goats.
The introduction of the goats begins approximately 18 days after mating. During this period of collagen type I staining was intense throughout the stroma and uterine caruncular intracaruncular identified. Proposed embryonic trophoblast endometrial adhesions, local control of protease activity. (Guillomot, 1999).
The first signs of pregnancy is not cyclical regression of the CL, which can be seen through the following methods:
i. laparoscopy and laparotomy, approximately 18-25 days after mating. (Wani, 1982, 1988, 1984, Wani and Buchoo, 1990, Wani and Buchoo, 1993, Cuellar et al, 1990, Wani et al, 2003).
II. The serum progesterone levels above 1 ng / ml, e. g 2 3 ng / ml (Wani, 1989; Shreif, 1997, Bosco et al, 2003, Al-Merestani et al, 1999, Zarkawiet et al, 1999). Accurate diagnosis of pregnancy (100%) provided at the base of P4 serum levels of progesterone 17-19 days after mating.
III. Ovine pregnancy associated glycoproteins recorded show on the post mating, gestation in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003; Verberckmoes, et al, 2004) or secretion of 17 and 22-24 K Da protein on 17 goats from mating because the amniotic sac. (Guillomot et al, 1998).
IV. Do not return to estrus (Mellado, 2003)
There will be some of the other signs of early pregnancy detected by the methods listed in Table 1.
3 without the rejection of the early embryo
Progesterone is replaced by the endometrium in a state that allows for embryonic development, implantation and fetal development of the placenta. Information about foetomaternal relations have been described (Mufti, 1997, the Mufti et al, 2000) and are shown in Figure 1 to 5 The presence of an early embryo extend the lifespan of the corpus luteum. These signals are removed proteins such as pregnancy. (Heap et al, 1990). Some of these proteins were identified as sheep Trophablast protein I (OTP-1) in sheep, which prevents the release of PGF2 alpha and thus helps maintain the corpus luteum. In cyclic ewes (not pregnant) PGF2 alpha pulses are released in response to oxytocin receptors in the endometrium. The first signs of pregnancy is detected by a marked reduction in the number of uterine oxytocin receptors. OTP-1 to inhibit the synthesis of endometrial estrogen receptor and oxytocin. This can prevent luteolysis and considers the theuterus domain of progesterone, which remains a prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. (Bretzlaft and Romano, 2001; Wani, 1996; CAM Wing et al, 1988).
The expression of progesterone receptors (PR) in the goat uterus is not increased significantly during the peri-implantation and estrogen – (ER) receptors increase in terms of PR, Nichtverdrängung noted that the early embryo. (Flores et al, 2001). Progesterone in milk can be found (cough, et al, 1989) during early fertilization and conception.
Goat type HI antigen expression is not regulated in peri-implantation and progesterone to stimulate P4. It may be a useful marker for the preparation of the uterus of the received signal and the maintenance of pregnancy in goats. (Powell et al, 2000). The pregnant goats glycoprotein (Ca PAG), the amniotic sac in the development and is approximately 18-19 days after mating. (Garbayo et al 2000). Endometrial tissue undergoes transformation into the amniotic sac in small ruminants, to keep pregnant women. (Guillomot, 1999)
The condition can be dephosphorylated myocin goat uterus during early pregnancy will help grow the bubble of the fruit. Heavy chains of changes in the expression of native myocin were myosin (MHC) and myosin light chain (MLC) was observed. (Kumar and Katoch, 1997).
For the development of the blastocyst, an adequate uterine environment is a prerequisite. Besides the maintenance of the corpus luteum, the production and availability of progesterone, no rejection of the amniotic sac (blastocyst), another key feature of this period. The embryo produced interferon (IFN)-embryo. This embryo is homologous IFN – interfersons (?-IFN) and interferon ovine trophoblast (OTI) in early pregnancy.
Attorney and the Attorney purified recombinant (r-OTP) produced in yeast to show antiviral activity, and the R-Attorney and the Attorney inhibit the release of endometrial PGF2? . This helps the non-regression of the corpus luteum and indirectly has the early embryo. R-OTP intrauterine administered at a dose of 340 ug / day for a week held the L C. in cyclic ewes for a month or so. The interrelationship oestruos interval in 80% of the sheep was about a month or more. This dose of r-OTP was as effective as 14-16 days-old embryo. Prosecution has been found to be immunosuppressive in several in vitro and in vivo. A test to phytohemagglutinin A reveals the Office of the Prosecutor and the Prosecutor are r-immunosuppressants. This has been verified by the inhibitory activity of the Office in r-graft versus host. (Essays ICH). Trophoblast Interferons play a strategic role in the prevention of early pregnancy loss, as it inhibits CD + blastogenesis. The role of CD + cells and helper T cells and delayed type hypersensitivity + explain mediators (DTHS), these type of immunosuppressive of the Office. (Ileri et al, 1996, Karen et al, 2003; Wani, 1996).
3. Estrogen 4 – Pregesterone ratio (E: P ratio)
The role of oxytocin in the induction of uterine PGF2 alpha has already been discussed. However, the release of PGF2 hangs under the action of oxytocin, or is controlled by progesterone and estradiol. It was also noted that the sheep with a high E: P ratio may produce stronger signals luteolytic. It has been shown that low progesterone and high estradiol combination and record the largest sustained increase in PGF2 alpha after injection of oxytocin. Trophoblast Interferons act locally to suppress oxytocin receptors in the uterus of sheep. (Karen et al, 2003).
5 Recognition of pregnancy maternal
The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle production is about the type I trophoblast interferon centered x (TINFO). This then removes tIFN concentrations of uterine oxytocin receptor (OTR). The oxytocin receptor (OTR) tasks associated with oxytocin-induced PGF2 alpha release. OTR antiluteolytic inhibition can tIFN the main mechanism of secretion and protein secretion of vesicles, or recombinant bovine IFN was reduced in the uterine OTR. Concentrations in sheep ovarectionized intact and treated with steroids. The relationship between secretory vesicle proteins and metabolites in peripheral blood and dam there. (Mufti, 1996; Mufti et al, 2000). There are conflicting reports about the effect of taking estradiol on concentrations of oxytocin receptors. (Powell et al, 2000). Trophoblastic cells contained interferon in 14-17 days after mating. During pregnancy the mother was recognized goat interferon detected on day 18 after mating, lack of maintenance of pregnancy was made by the corpus luteum. Therefore, a fine line between the maternal recognition of pregnancy and the maintenance and upkeep of the CL. (Gillomot et al, 1998).
6 The reliability of pregnancy tests
There are several methods for the correct prediction of pregnancy in sheep and goats during pregnancy are summarized in Table 2. The accuracy varies from 70 to 100% with different ultrasound equipment. Several models and are involved in the principles that have been extensively reviewed (Wani, 1991, Wani et al, 1998) and other methods of detection of pregnancy during this phase, e. g determination of serum progesterone, vaginal cytology, laparotomy, estrone sulfate summary (Table 2). Several techniques have also been studied in the evaluation of mid-pregnancy. The various signs of pregnancy, cited by
several researchers using ultrasound are summarized in Table 3. Live Lately, some of the anatomical characteristics of embryo development in vivo have been reported. This must be verified and are summarized (Table 4). Several live measurements of the fetus, such as biparietal diameter, amnion diameter, radius and tibia, the length of the fetus are verified and presented (Table 5). Several pregnancy-related images, and histologic morphology endometeruim have been published recently (Wani et al 2007, 2006 ABC), where images are displayed 6-15
References
Alacam-E; Dinc-DA; Guler-M; Eroza-S-AN Sezer, 1988. -Veteriner-Fakültesi Dergisi, Selcuk Universitesi, 4 (1) ,91-98.
Al-Merestani-MR; Zarqawi-M; Wardeh-M, 1999. Earlier breeding and pregnancy diagnosis in Syrian Awassi sheep yearlings. Reproduction in domestic animals, 34 (5), 413-416.
Blasco-I; Foklch-J, Echegoyen E, 1989. Technical-Economic-Agricultural 20 (82), 22-31.
Bosco, C. M; Samartzi, F. C; Lymberopoulos, A. G; Stefanakis, A; Belibasaki, S, 2003a. Reproduction in domestic animals. 38 (3), 170-174. Assessment of progesterone concentration using enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of early pregnancy in sheep and goats.
Bosco. CM; Samartzi. FC; Lymberopoulos-AG; Stefanakis-A; Belibasaki-S, 2003. . Reproduction in domestic animals, 38 (3), 170-174 Assessment enzymeimmunoassay concentration of progesterone for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goats
Bozkurt, T, Gundogan, F, Esen, F, Kul. S: 1999. Saglik-Bilimleri-Dergisi, Firat Universitesi. 13 (2) ,185-180. The use of B-mode real-time ultrasound rectally for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep
Bozkurt T, Gundogan M, Esen F, Kul-S, 1999. Saglik-Bilimleri-Dergisi, Firat Universitesi ", 13 (2), 185-188. The use of B-mode real time ultrasound rectally for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep
Bretzlaff-CN, Romano JE, 2001. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 17 (2), 421-434. Advanced techniques of reproduction in goats.
Calamari-CV, 2001. Avaliação de dois-de-diagnosis methods-of-precoce em Ovelhas gestation: Ultrasound-transretal-and detector-to-prenhez small ruminants – DPPR-80R. 2001, 57 pages. Evaluation of two methods for diagnosis of early pregnancy inewe: transectal Pregnancy ultrasound and for small ruminants (DPPR-80 ®).
Chalhoub-M; Prestes, NC, Lopes, MD, Trinca, LA, Ribeiro-Filho, AL, 2001. Ars Veterinaria, 17 (1), 17-21. The pregnancy diagnosis and embryo / fetal measurement by transrectal ultrasound in sheep.
Zao-Ying Chen, Lun-SiChun; Cao Zy-Hong Chen, Lun-SC, Cao H, 1996. . Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 26 (2), 12-15. Study on early diagnosis of pregnancy in sheep tomography scan ultrasound
Cuellar C.; Fontanillas-JC Palace M, Perez-Fuentes J, 1990. Advances-in-and-Alimentaction-Animal Breeding, 30 (6), 251-257. A comparison of early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep Manchega ultrasound or endoscopy.
Chemineau, P, Gauthier D, Poirier, J. C; Saumande, J. 1982. . Theriogenology. 13 (3), 313-323. Plasma levels of LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol 17B and progesterone during natural and induced heat in the Journal of goat
Cuoghi, M, Castagnetti, G. M, 1989a. Informatore-Agrario. 47, 27-32. Progesterone in milk method for diagnosis of early pregnancy
Dickie-MB, Holzmann A, 1992. . Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A, 39 (7), 525-530. Studies on the use of progesterone testing (Serozyme-Ovucheck progesterone) for the diagnosis of pregnancy Bergschaf
Denis, D., 1991. Australians. Veterinary Journal. 68 (1), 14-16. The pregnancy diagnosis in goats daily with test kits of progesterone.
Flores, JM, Sanchez, M. A, Nieto A, Sanchez B, Gonzalez M, Garcia, P. 2001. Theriogenology. 56 (2), 341-55. Suppression of estrogen and progesterone receptor-alpha and cell proliferation in the uterus during early pregnancy in goats
Garbayo, JM, Green, JA; Manikkam, M, Beckers JF, Kiesling, DO, Ealy, AD, Roberts, RM, 2000. Mol-Reprod-dev. 57 (4), cloning, expression and evolutionary relationship to other PAG.
Garcia A, Neary MK, Kelly GR, Pierson RA, 1993. . Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, 39 ((4), 847-861. Accuracy of ultrasound in early
Richardson, C, 1972; pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. Vet Record. 90, 264 to 275th
Slosarz, P; Steppa, R, Gadek, A: 1999. Waterynaryjna Medychna 55 (10) ,686-688. The use of ultrasound for diagnosis of early pregnancy in sheep
Carcamo, M, 1997. . M. VSC Thesis, S. K. UNIV. Agric. SC & Technology, Shalimar, J & K India. Studies on caprine ovarian activity in female fertility.
Tajikistan-P; Veshkini Abbas, Sarang-Soroori, 2001. Veterinary Conference-University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. Measurement of individual parts Chall fetus to determine the age of pregnancy. Proceedings-of-the-5-International-sheep —
Taverna, M. A. M, 1991. Tievarztliche. Monatsschrift. 78 (10) ,341-345. Application of two-dimensional ultrasound in Vienna Animal Reproduction
Verberckmoes, S, Vandaele L, Caterpillar, P. de; EL-Ameri, B; Sulon, J, Duchateau, L; Kruif, A. de; Beckers. J. F; Soom, A. van, de-cat. S, de Kruif, A Van Soom, A; 2004th Vlaams-Diergeneeskundig-Tijdschrift. 73 (2), 119-27. A new test for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep: the determination of ovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (OVPAG) the concentration of a homologous radio immunoassay.
Wani, G. M, 1981. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goats of the World Review Anim. Prod 17, 43-48.
Wani, G. M, 1982;. World Review of Anim. 18,7-13 Prod. Laparoscopy in farm animals.
Wani, G. M, 1991. Proc. Es National Seminar on the reproduction of small ruminants CSWRI, Avikanagar, Rajasthan and India. The use of laparoscope, ultrasound images in the reproduction of small ruminants.
Wani-N. A; Shabeena-Mustafa, Misra, AK, Maurya SN, Mustafa S, 2003a Pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals – a review. Indian-Journal-of – Dairy Science 56 (1), 1 to 8
Wani, N. A, Wani, G. M, Mufti, A. M, Khan, MZ 1998th Small Ruminant Research. 29, 239-240. Ultrasound diagnosis of pregnancy Gaddi goats
Wani, G. M, Sahni, K, L, 1980a. Vet Research. No. 2 (1), 35-73. An ultrasound technique for detecting pregnancy in sheep and goats
Wani, G. M, Sahni, K, L, 1981a. India. J. Anim. Sci 51 (2), 194-197. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in sheep in tropical field conditions
Wani, G. M, Sahni, K, L, 1988a. India. J. Anim. Sci 58 (7), 802-804. The detection of ovulation by laparoscopy in sheep —
Wani, G. M, 1982a. World Review of Anim. Prod 18 (1), 7-13. Laparoscopy in farm animals
Wani, G. M, 1984a. Dr. med. Vet Diss. Vet Hochscule, Hanover, Germany. Studies on embryo production and culture in goats.
Wani, G. M, 1984b. . Ph. D Thesis, Indian veteran. Res Inst, Izatnagar-U. S. India. Studies on ovarian activity, ovulation and the frequency of diagnosis in sheep and goats
Wani, G. M, 1989a. India Journakl Animal Reprod. 10 (1), 44-46. Plasma concentrations of progesterone during the estrous cycle in goats
Wani, G. M, 1996. Biotechnology embryos in sheep and goats. Posted Valley Book House, University Road, Hazratbal, Srinagar.
Wani, G. M; Buchoo, B. 1990. . Indian J. Anim. Sci 60 (5), 564-68. View laparoscopic conception of sheep
Wani, G. M; Buchoo, B. A; 1993rd India. J. Anim. Sci 63 (3), 300 The prediction of ovarian response in sheep by laparoscopy.
M-Zarqawi, Al-Merestani-MR, Wardeh, MF, 1999. Small Ruminants Research, 33 (1), 99-102. The induction of heat sync and early pregnancy diagnosis in Syrian Awassi ewes, outside the breeding season.